4/28/2023 0 Comments Symphytum plantEven topical use is unwise, since the PAs can be absorbed through the skin.īroken or damaged skin: Don't apply comfrey to broken or damaged skin. In addition to causing liver damage and possibly cancer, the PAs in comfrey might also cause birth defects. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Comfrey is LIKELY UNSAFE to take by mouth or apply to the skin if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. For this reason, it is POSSIBLY UNSAFE to apply comfrey to broken skin or to apply large amounts to the skin for more than 6 weeks. It's important to remember that the poisonous chemicals in comfrey can pass through the skin. When applied to the skin: When applied to unbroken skin in small amounts for less than 10 days, comfrey is POSSIBLY SAFE for most people. The FDA has recommended that all oral comfrey products be removed from the market. It contains chemicals (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs) that can cause liver damage, lung damage, and cancer. Watsonia 4: 117-118.When taken by mouth: Comfrey is LIKELY UNSAFE for anyone when taken by mouth. (1958) The history of Symphytum asperum Lepech. Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, Nationale Plantentuin van België en Flo.Wer: 865. & De Beer D., Atlas van de flora van Vlaanderen en het Brussels gewest. In: Van Landuyt W., Hoste I., Vanhecke L., Van den Bremt P., Vercruysse W. Mededeling van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud n° 20: 227 p. (2002) Ingeburgerde plantensoorten in Vlaanderen. (1985) Symphytum asperum Lepechin - a new Irish species. (1972) Zur Unterscheidung von Symphytum officinale L. Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Meise: CXXXIX + 1195 p. & Vannerom H.) (2012) Nouvelle Flore de la Belgique, du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des Régions voisines (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes). Delvosalle L., Toussaint B., Geerinck D., Hoste I., Van Rossum F., Cornier B., Schumacker R., Vanderpoorten A. (1982) Taxonomy of the Symphytum asperum aggregate (Boraginaceae), especially in Turkey. (1989) Chemotaxonomy of the Symphytum officinale agg. asperum (Boraginaceae): Phytosterols and Triterpenoids. (1983) Chemotaxonomical investigations of the Symphytum officinale polyploid complex and S. Huizing H.J., Malingre T.M., Gadella T.W.J. asperum (Boraginaceae): the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. (1982) Chemotaxonomical investigations of the Symphytum officinale polyploid complex and S. (1984) Population variability, hybridization and introgression in Symphytum officinale in the Netherlands. (1975) Cytotaxonomic studies in the genus Symphytum, 7. Some Symphytum hybrids in Belgium and the Netherlands. (1971) Cytotaxonomic studies in the genus Symphytum, 3. Crossing experiments between Symphytum officinale L. ![]() (1969) Cytotaxonomic studies in the genus Symphytum, 2. (1990) Hybridization in Symphytum: pattern and process. (1983) Cyto- and chemotaxonomical studies on the sections Officinalia and Coerulea of the genus Symphytum. (1978) Variatie en hybridisatie bij enkele taxa ven het genus Symphytum. (1990) Quelques observations floristiques effectuées à proximité du château de Houx (Yvoir, province de Namur, Belgique). Untersuchungen an Überwiegend norddeutschen Pflanzen der Arten S. (1972) Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an der Boraginaceen - Gattung Symphytum L. It has sky-blue corollas, unwinged stems, a smaller calyx (3-5 mm), distinctly reticulate, dull nutlets and is very hirsute hairy (see Lambinon & Verloove 2012 for additional characters and its separation from S. Pure populations of Symphytum asperum may be very rare in Belgium at present. All these (notho-) taxa intergrade and specific limits have become obscure in Belgium. ![]() officinale is also present (as usually is the case). On the basis of herbarium collections (for instance from Zeebrugge) we have been able to prove that pure stands of Symphytum asperum ultimately change in stands of S. asperum and its back-crosses with native S. Symphytum x uplandicum is here treated in a very broad sense as to include S. It was formerly cultivated for forage but some populations probably arose as a result of a spontaneous hybridization between native S. Symphytum x uplandicum is a fertile hybrid. Occurrences on dumps and waste land are nearly always ephemeral. Known for instance since at least 1950 from Oudergem (Zoniënwoud), since 1974 from the nature reserve De Fonteintjes near Zeebrugge,… As a naturalized alien Symphytum x uplandicum is most often found in ditches and road verges. Several other locations are also well-documented. Known since 1884 from the surroundings of Leuven (Korbeek-Loo, Pellenberg) and still present in the valley of river Dijle at present (Verloove 2002, 2006). officinale) (SW-As.) – A rather rare, locally naturalized escape from cultivation (formerly introduced for forage, more rarely as an ornamental).
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